Like all armadillos, much of this animal's body is covered with a thick armor, which is comprised of bony plates covered in small, overlapping scales called scutes. Their armor consists of a shield covering the head, a small band between the ears on the animal's neck, and the carapace, which covers the rest of the body.

About 18 bands make up the carapace, six to eight of which are movable, allowing the armadillo to curl up if threatened. As their name suggests, armadillos in this genus have more hair than other armadillos: white and light brown hair protrudes from between scutes and covers the limbs and belly.

Screaming hairy armadillos are the smallest of the three species of hairy armadillo, averaging less than 1.9 pounds (0.86 kilograms) and growing to between 8.7 and 15.7 inches (22 to 40 centimeters), with another 3.5 to 6.9 inches (9 to 17.5 centimeters) in tail length. Males are generally larger than females.

Found just east of the Andes Mountains in the Monte Desert, screaming hairy armadillos inhabit parts of Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay.

They prefer a dry habitat with loose, sandy soil which allows for easier burrowing—an important part of this animal's survival. These armadillos have been observed living in open areas such as sand dunes, savannas, pastures and agricultural areas at altitudes up to 3,280 feet (1,000 meters).

Screaming hairy armadillos can live up to 8 or 9 years in human care.

Like other armadillos, they have a good sense of smell and relatively good vision and hearing. If threatened, they will emit a loud squealing noise.

Omnivorous animals, screaming hairy armadillos will eat primarily plants, insects and small vertebrates such as frogs, toads, lizards, birds and rodents. Their diet fluctuates seasonally, with insects in the beetle family being the primary part of their diet in summer months and plant material—especially seed pods from Prosopis trees—making up much of their winter diet. They will also occasionally scavenge for food.

Screaming hairy armadillos have a few unique methods of hunting; they regularly burrow under and sometimes into carcasses in search of invertebrates to consume. This species has also been observed digging in an unusual fashion—instead of using their legs and claws to expose grubs and insects, screaming hairy armadillos will force their heads into the ground, then turn in a circle to create a cone-shaped hole. There have also been recorded instances of these armadillos throwing themselves upon small snakes, which are then cut by the edges of the carapace.

Screaming hairy armadillos do not need to drink water regularly; efficient kidneys and the ability to retain moisture in the plants that they consume allow screaming hairy armadillos to go long periods without drinking.

The Smithsonian's National Zoo's screaming hair armadillo receives insectivore diet, insect forage, banana and sweet potato.

Screaming hairy armadillos alter their periods of activity seasonally; in warmer months, they are primarily nocturnal creatures. However, this behavior shifts to diurnal activity in winter months when desert heat becomes less of a threat.

They are a solitary species, and when inactive will spend much of their time in burrows that they create.

This species typically breeds in the fall months, and gives birth after a gestation period of 60 to 75 days.

Female screaming hairy armadillos give birth to one litter of offspring each year, typically consisting of two to three young. Newborn armadillos weigh just over 5 ounces (155 grams). Their eyes remain shut for about 16 to 30 days, and they wean from their mother when they are about 2 months old. Screaming hairy armadillos reach sexual maturity at 9 months.

Primary threats to screaming hairy armadillos include population fragmentation and isolation due to mining activity, hunting dogs, vehicles and being viewed as an agricultural pest. Screaming hairy armadillos are hunted both for their meat, which is high in protein, and their carapace, which is used by native Bolivians to create a stringed musical instrument called a charango.

Currently, screaming hairy armadillos live in a series of protected areas within their native range, including the 8.4 million acre Kaa-lya National Park in Bolivia.